RFC 3227 Guidelines for Evidence Collection and Archiving
National Digital Forensics Frame Work
နိုင်ငံတစ်နိုင်ငံတွင် Cyber Crime အတွက် Law Enforcement Team တွေ၊ Company တွေ၊ အဖွဲ့အစည်းတွေ က ဘာဆိုရင် ဘယ်အဖွဲ့ကဘာလုပ်ရမယ် ဘယ်လိုနည်းလမ်းတွေ အသုံးပြုရမယ် ဆိုတာအတွက် Step by Step, Rules By Rules အရ National Digital Forensics Frame Work ကိုရေးဆွဲရပါတယ်။ Digital Forensics အပြင် Incident Response ပါပါဝင်လာပါတယ်။
Digital Evidence Handling (or) First Responder Guide
ISO/IEC 27037 Digital Evidence Handling နဲ့အလားတူက Interpol, Europol, FBI မှ Law Enforcement တွေရဲ့ အသုံးပြုတဲ့နည်လမ်းတွေ၊ Research လုပ်တဲ့နေရာတွေကနေ လူတွေအသုံးပြုတဲ့နည်းလမ်းတွေကနေ ရွေးချယ်ပြီး ဖြည့်စွက်ရပါတယ်။ ISO/IEC 27037 Digital Evidence Handling အတွက် နည်းလမ်းသိပ်မကွဲပြားတာက RFC 3227 ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။အပေါ်ကဟာတွေနဲ့ သိပ်ပြီးတော့ နည်းလမ်းတွေ မကွဲပြားပါ။နည်းလမ်းတွေပေါင်းစပ်ပြီး First Responder Guide၊ Basic Digital Forensics၊ Digital Forensics Lab Guide၊ Digital Forensics Question and Answer မှာရေးသားခဲ့ပြီးဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ RFC 3227 ကျန်နေမယ်လို့ ယူဆမှုမှားနိုင်အတွက်ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။
RFC 3227 Guidelines for Evidence Collection and Archiving
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
A "security incident" as defined in the "Internet Security Glossary",
RFC 2828, is a security-relevant system event in which the system's
security policy is disobeyed or otherwise breached. The purpose of
this document is to provide System Administrators with guidelines on
the collection and archiving of evidence relevant to such a security
incident.
If evidence collection is done correctly, it is much more useful in
apprehending the attacker, and stands a much greater chance of being
admissible in the event of a prosecution.
A "security incident" as defined in [RFC2828] is a security-relevant
system event in which the system's security policy is disobeyed or
otherwise breached. The purpose of this document is to provide
System Administrators with guidelines on the collection and archiving
of evidence relevant to such a security incident. It's not our
intention to insist that all System Administrators rigidly follow
these guidelines every time they have a security incident. Rather,
we want to provide guidance on what they should do if they elect to
collect and protect information relating to an intrusion.
Such collection represents a considerable effort on the part of the
System Administrator. Great progress has been made in recent years
to speed up the re-installation of the Operating System and to
facilitate the reversion of a system to a 'known' state, thus making
the 'easy option' even more attractive. Meanwhile little has been
done to provide easy ways of archiving evidence (the difficult
option). Further, increasing disk and memory capacities and the more
widespread use of stealth and cover-your-tracks tactics by attackers
have exacerbated the problem.
If evidence collection is done correctly, it is much more useful in
apprehending the attacker, and stands a much greater chance of being
admissible in the event of a prosecution.
You should use these guidelines as a basis for formulating your
site's evidence collection procedures, and should incorporate your
site's procedures into your Incident Handling documentation. The
guidelines in this document may not be appropriate under all
jurisdictions. Once you've formulated your site's evidence
collection procedures, you should have law enforcement for your
jurisdiction confirm that they're adequate.
- Adhere to your site's Security Policy and engage the
appropriate Incident Handling and Law Enforcement personnel.
- Capture as accurate a picture of the system as possible.
- Keep detailed notes. These should include dates and times. If
possible generate an automatic transcript. (e.g., On Unix
systems the 'script' program can be used, however the output
file it generates should not be to media that is part of the
evidence). Notes and print-outs should be signed and dated.
- Note the difference between the system clock and UTC. For each
timestamp provided, indicate whether UTC or local time is used.
- Be prepared to testify (perhaps years later) outlining all
actions you took and at what times. Detailed notes will be
vital.
- Minimise changes to the data as you are collecting it. This is
not limited to content changes; you should avoid updating file
or directory access times.
- Remove external avenues for change.
- When confronted with a choice between collection and analysis
you should do collection first and analysis later.
- Though it hardly needs stating, your procedures should be
implementable. As with any aspect of an incident response
policy, procedures should be tested to ensure feasibility,
particularly in a crisis. If possible procedures should be
automated for reasons of speed and accuracy. Be methodical.
- For each device, a methodical approach should be adopted which
follows the guidelines laid down in your collection procedure.
Speed will often be critical so where there are a number of
devices requiring examination it may be appropriate to spread
the work among your team to collect the evidence in parallel.
However on a single given system collection should be done step
by step.
- Proceed from the volatile to the less volatile (see the Order
of Volatility below).
- You should make a bit-level copy of the system's media. If you
wish to do forensics analysis you should make a bit-level copy
of your evidence copy for that purpose, as your analysis will
almost certainly alter file access times. Avoid doing
forensics on the evidence copy.
2.1 Order of Volatility
When collecting evidence you should proceed from the volatile to the
less volatile. Here is an example order of volatility for a typical
system.
- registers, cache
- routing table, arp cache, process table, kernel statistics,
memory
- temporary file systems
- disk
- remote logging and monitoring data that is relevant to the
system in question
- physical configuration, network topology
- archival media
It's all too easy to destroy evidence, however inadvertently.
- Don't shutdown until you've completed evidence collection.
Much evidence may be lost and the attacker may have altered the
startup/shutdown scripts/services to destroy evidence.
- Don't trust the programs on the system. Run your evidence
gathering programs from appropriately protected media (see
below).
- Don't run programs that modify the access time of all files on
the system (e.g., 'tar' or 'xcopy').
- When removing external avenues for change note that simply
disconnecting or filtering from the network may trigger
"deadman switches" that detect when they're off the net and
wipe evidence.
- Respect the privacy rules and guidelines of your company and
your legal jurisdiction. In particular, make sure no
information collected along with the evidence you are searching
for is available to anyone who would not normally have access
to this information. This includes access to log files (which
may reveal patterns of user behaviour) as well as personal data
files.
- Do not intrude on people's privacy without strong
justification. In particular, do not collect information from
areas you do not normally have reason to access (such as
personal file stores) unless you have sufficient indication
that there is a real incident.
- Make sure you have the backing of your company's established
procedures in taking the steps you do to collect evidence of an
incident.
Computer evidence needs to be
- Admissible: It must conform to certain legal rules before it
can be put before a court.
- Authentic: It must be possible to positively tie evidentiary
material to the incident.
- Complete: It must tell the whole story and not just a
particular perspective.
- Reliable: There must be nothing about how the evidence was
collected and subsequently handled that casts doubt about its
authenticity and veracity.
- Believable: It must be readily believable and understandable
by a court.
Your collection procedures should be as detailed as possible. As is
the case with your overall Incident Handling procedures, they should
be unambiguous, and should minimise the amount of decision-making
needed during the collection process.
The methods used to collect evidence should be transparent and
reproducible. You should be prepared to reproduce precisely the
methods you used, and have those methods tested by independent
experts.
- Where is the evidence? List what systems were involved in the
incident and from which evidence will be collected.
- Establish what is likely to be relevant and admissible. When
in doubt err on the side of collecting too much rather than not
enough.
- For each system, obtain the relevant order of volatility.
- Remove external avenues for change.
- Following the order of volatility, collect the evidence with
tools as discussed in Section 5.
- Record the extent of the system's clock drift.
- Question what else may be evidence as you work through the
collection steps.
- Document each step.
- Don't forget the people involved. Make notes of who was there
and what were they doing, what they observed and how they
reacted.
Where feasible you should consider generating checksums and
cryptographically signing the collected evidence, as this may make it
easier to preserve a strong chain of evidence. In doing so you must
not alter the evidence.
Evidence must be strictly secured. In addition, the Chain of Custody
needs to be clearly documented.
You should be able to clearly describe how the evidence was found,
how it was handled and everything that happened to it.
The following need to be documented
- Where, when, and by whom was the evidence discovered and
collected.
- Where, when and by whom was the evidence handled or examined.
- Who had custody of the evidence, during what period. How was
it stored.
- When the evidence changed custody, when and how did the
transfer occur (include shipping numbers, etc.).
If possible commonly used media (rather than some obscure storage
media) should be used for archiving.
Access to evidence should be extremely restricted, and should be
clearly documented. It should be possible to detect unauthorised
access.
You should have the programs you need to do evidence collection and
forensics on read-only media (e.g., a CD). You should have prepared
such a set of tools for each of the Operating Systems that you manage
in advance of having to use it.
Your set of tools should include the following:
- a program for examining processes (e.g., 'ps').
- programs for examining system state (e.g., 'showrev',
'ifconfig', 'netstat', 'arp').
- a program for doing bit-to-bit copies (e.g., 'dd', 'SafeBack').
- programs for generating checksums and signatures (e.g.,
'sha1sum', a checksum-enabled 'dd', 'SafeBack', 'pgp').
- programs for generating core images and for examining them
(e.g., 'gcore', 'gdb').
- scripts to automate evidence collection (e.g., The Coroner's
Toolkit [FAR1999]).
The programs in your set of tools should be statically linked, and
should not require the use of any libraries other than those on the
read-only media. Even then, since modern rootkits may be installed
through loadable kernel modules, you should consider that your tools
might not be giving you a full picture of the system.
You should be prepared to testify to the authenticity and reliability
of the tools that you use.
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